DISREGARD OF THE CORPORATE ENTITY IN RUSSIAN CASE LAW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v3i2.117Keywords:
civil law, corporate law, corporate control, corporate veil, abuse of rights, disregard of the corporate entity, derecho civil, derecho corporativo, regla de juicio empresarial, control corporativo, velo corporativo, doctrina del estoppel corporativo, corporative estoppel, abuso de derechos, 民法, 公司法, 商业判断规则, 公司控制, 公司面纱, 公司禁止反言, 权利滥用Abstract
This paper reviews the legal doctrines developed in case law and used to challenge corporate decisions and resulting transactions: the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, the beneficial ownership doctrine, affiliation, and corporate estoppel. When applied, these doctrines strip the entity of its incorporated status and separate existence. The article observes that the doctrines under discussion are used to stop abuse by managers and directors in corporate contexts. The author concludes that, where affiliated, an entity does not hide behind the corporate veil, as is the case in the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil, but exercises corporate control openly. Also, the beneficial ownership doctrine is applicable when an entity holds equity interests not directly but through a chain of affiliated companies and trusts. The following circumstances can provide grounds for applying this type of estoppel to challenge a corporate decision: non-compliance with corporate customs and standard forms of the documents recording the decision-making process; non-compliance with the time-honored procedure for corporate discussion and decision-making; a person was deceived into thinking that they were dealing with a company, whereas it was a citizen, and vice versa.
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Este artículo revisa las doctrinas legales desarrolladas en la jurisprudencia y utilizadas para impugnar decisiones corporativas y las transacciones resultantes: la doctrina del levantamiento del velo corporativo, la doctrina de la propiedad beneficiaria, la afiliación y el estoppel corporativo. Cuando se aplican, estas doctrinas eliminan el estatus de entidad incorporada y su existencia separada. El artículo observa que las doctrinas en discusión se utilizan para detener los abusos cometidos por gerentes y directores en contextos corporativos. El autor concluye que, en casos de afiliación, una entidad no se oculta detrás del velo corporativo, como sucede en la doctrina del levantamiento del velo corporativo, sino que ejerce el control corporativo de manera abierta. Además, la doctrina de la propiedad beneficiaria es aplicable cuando una entidad posee participaciones accionarias no directamente, sino a través de una cadena de empresas afiliadas y fideicomisos. Las siguientes circunstancias pueden proporcionar fundamentos para aplicar este tipo de estoppel para impugnar una decisión corporativa: el incumplimiento de las costumbres corporativas y los formatos estándar de los documentos que registran el proceso de toma de decisiones; el incumplimiento del procedimiento consagrado para la discusión y toma de decisiones corporativas; o el hecho de que una persona haya sido engañada para creer que estaba tratando con una empresa cuando en realidad era un ciudadano, y viceversa.
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本文回顾了案例法中发展起来并用于质疑公司决策及其交易结果的法律理论:揭开公司面纱理论、实益所有权理论、关联理论以及公司禁止反言理论。当这些理论被应用时,会剥夺实体的法人地位及其独立存在性。文章指出,讨论中的这些理论主要用于阻止经理和董事在公司背景下的滥用行为。作者总结说,在关联情况下,实体不是像揭开公司面纱理论那样隐藏在公司面纱之后,而是公开行使公司控制权。此外,当一个实体通过关联公司和信托链间接持有权益时,可以适用实益所有权理论。以下情况可能成为应用这种禁止反言理论来质疑公司决策的依据:未遵守记录决策过程的公司惯例和标准文件格式;未遵守长期以来确立的公司讨论与决策程序;或者某人被误导以为自己在与一家公司打交道,实际上是与个人交往,反之亦然。
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