THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE PROTECTION OF AFGHAN ASYLUM SEEKERS AND REFUGEES IN PAKISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v5i1.180Keywords:
Afghan asylum-seekers, Afghan Refugees, refugee rights, international law, Pakistan, Solicitantes de asilo afganos, principio de no devolución , derechos de los refugiados, derecho internacional, 阿富汗寻求庇护者, 不推回原则, 难民权利, 国际法Abstract
This article examines the effectiveness of international legal frameworks in protecting Afghan refugees and asylum seekers in Pakistan, analyzing the persistent gap between normative commitments and protection outcomes. Employing a qualitative, descriptive-analytical and doctrinal methodology, the study draws on primary international legal instruments, including the 1951 Refugee Convention, the 1967 Protocol, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, alongside secondary scholarly sources and Pakistan's domestic legal framework, combined with a longitudinal review of Pakistan's refugee policies across four periods (1979–2024). It argues that international law's failure to protect Afghan refugees stems not solely from Pakistan's non-accession to the 1951 Convention, but from the international refugee regime's structural dependence on host states' political will and domestic legal infrastructure. This deficiency has produced systematic rights violations, including forced deportations. The study contributes by treating international law as an independent variable across distinct historical and political contexts in a non-party state.
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EL IMPACTO DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS SOLICITANTES DE ASILO Y REFUGIADOS AFGANOS EN PAKISTÁN
Este artículo examina la eficacia de los marcos jurídicos internacionales en la protección de los refugiados y solicitantes de asilo afganos en Pakistán, analizando la brecha persistente entre los compromisos normativos y los resultados reales de protección. Mediante una metodología cualitativa, descriptivo-analítica y doctrinal, el estudio se basa en instrumentos jurídicos internacionales primarios —incluidos la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados de 1951, el Protocolo de 1967 y la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño—, así como en fuentes académicas secundarias y el marco jurídico interno de Pakistán, todo ello complementado con una revisión longitudinal de las políticas pakistaníes sobre refugiados a lo largo de cuatro períodos (1979–2024). Se argumenta que la incapacidad del derecho internacional para proteger a los refugiados afganos no deriva únicamente de la no adhesión de Pakistán a la Convención de 1951, sino de la dependencia estructural del régimen internacional de refugiados respecto a la voluntad política y la infraestructura jurídica interna de los Estados de acogida. Esta deficiencia ha dado lugar a violaciones sistemáticas de derechos, incluidas las deportaciones forzosas. El estudio aporta valor al abordar el derecho internacional como una variable independiente en distintos contextos históricos y políticos dentro de un Estado que no es parte de los tratados pertinentes.
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国际法对巴基斯坦境内阿富汗寻求庇护者及难民保护的影响
本文探讨了国际法律框架在保护巴基斯坦境内阿富汗难民与寻求庇护者方面的有效性,分析了规范性承诺与实际保护成效之间持续存在的差距。研究采用定性、描述性分析及法学教义学方法,依据《1951年难民公约》、《1967年议定书》及《儿童权利公约》等主要国际法律文书,结合学术文献与巴基斯坦国内法律框架,并对巴基斯坦四个时期(1979–2024年)的难民政策进行了纵向考察。文章指出,国际法未能有效保护阿富汗难民,其根源不仅在于巴基斯坦未加入《1951年公约》,更在于国际难民体制在结构上依赖于东道国的政治意愿及国内法律基础设施。这种缺陷导致了包括强制驱逐在内的系统性侵犯权利行为。本文的贡献在于,将国际法视为一个在非缔约国特定历史与政治背景下的自变量进行考察。
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